www.studysas.blogspot.com

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/08/sas-tips-and-tricks-part1-httpwww4.html

Contents:

1 Introduction 3

2 The DATA Step 4
2.1 The DATA STEP process : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4
2.1.1 An implicit loop : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4
2.1.2 RETURN, DELETE, and OUTPUT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5
2.1.3 Compound Statements : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 7
2.1.4 Data Set Options : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8
2.1.5 DROP, KEEP, and RETAIN : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10
2.2 Input/Output : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10
2.2.1 List Input : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10
2.2.2 Column Input : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13
2.2.3 Pointer Control and Formatted Input : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 14
2.2.4 The PUT Statement : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 18
2.2.5 SAS Formats and Informats : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 19
2.3 SAS Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21
2.3.1 Mathematical Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21
2.3.2 Random Number Generators : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 22
2.3.3 String Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23
2.3.4 Date and Time Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 24
2.3.5 PUT and INPUT Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25
2.4 Looping and Arrays : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 26
2.4.1 Univariate and Multivariate Data Views : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 27

1
CONTENTS 2
2.4.2 Indeterminant DO Loops : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 32
2.5 The NULL Data Set : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 33
2.6 Data Step Examples : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 35
2.6.1 Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement : : : : : : : : : : : 35
2.6.2 Data Recoding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 36

3 Working With Files 38
3.1 External Files : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 38
3.1.1 FTP Access : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 44
3.1.2 WWW Access : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 45
3.2 Including External SAS Code : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 45
3.3 The SAS Data Library : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 45
3.3.1 The LIBNAME Statement : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 46
3.3.2 Library Procedures : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 47
3.4 File Import/Export/Transport : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 51
3.4.1 Import/Export : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 51
3.4.2 Transport : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 53
3.5 The X Files : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 55

4 The Macro Language 57
4.1 Macro Variables : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 57
4.2 Macro Procedures : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 59
4.3 Bootstrap Example : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 62
4.4 Cluster Dendrogram : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 66

5 SAS Special Files 70
5.1 Autoexec.sas : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 70
5.2 Con g.sas : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 72
5.3 Pro le.sct : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 75

6 SAS Internet Tools 76
6.1 Capturing OUTPUT for the Web : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 76

Adverse Event:
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_AE.aspx

Study Medication Exposure (EX)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_EX.aspx

Demographics (DM)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_DM.aspx

Concomitant Medication (CM)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_CM.aspx

Disposition (DS)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_DS.aspx

Vital Signs (VS)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_VS.aspx

Medical History (MH)
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_MH.aspx

Disease Status at Baseline
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_BASECAT.aspx

Change from Baseline Disease Status
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF_CFBCAT.aspx

CDISC Metadata of ClinTrialStat eCRF Builder Created ODM Domains
http://www.sapmaker.com/EDC/eCRF%20SDTM.xml

CDISC
Consortium of Data Interchange Standards Committee (CDISC) is primarily concerned withdeveloping standards that aid in the exchange of information between companies in the BioPharmaecosystems.

These include the following models:
• Operational Data Model (ODM) —operational support of data collection
• Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) —data tabulation data sets
• Case Report Tabulation Data Definition Specification (CRTDDS - aka define.xml)
• Laboratory Data Model (Lab)• Standard for Exchange of Non-clinical Data (SEND)
• BRIDG—Protocol Representation• Analysis Data Model (ADaM) —analysis data structures
• And others… (For example, LAB, SEND)Taken together, these standards and guidelines represent challenges of supporting the clinical researchprocess.

The importance of data standards Data standards are a critical component in the quest to improve global public health. Inefficiencies in the collection, processing and analysis of patient and health-related information drive up the cost of research and development for life sciences companies as well as negatively impact the cost and quality of healthcare delivery for patients and consumers.

SAS software support for CDISC standards In addition to helping define CDISC standards, SAS is making certain that our products and solutions support the implementation of CDISC data standards. SAS®9 includes a component called PROC CDISC that enables organizations running SAS programs to work with CDISC structured data. PROC CDISC supports bi-directional conversion of data content contained in a CDISC ODM XML document to and from SAS-accessible data sources. The current version of PROC CDISC also supports content validation of SAS-accessible data sources to the CDISC SDTM data domain definitions. See http://www.cdisc.org/ for details on individual format descriptions.


CDISC standards such as SDTM, ODM, LAB and ADaM can be effectively implemented in solutions like SAS Drug Development and SAS DI Studio, and we're currently exploring additional ways that these standard processes and data structures can be utilized within our software.

The SAS XML Libname Engine has been enhanced in SAS 9.1.3 to natively read and write CDISC ODM file content. Using the SAS XML Libname Engine, any data content accessible to SAS may be converted to a CDISC ODM XML document, or conversely, any content in a CDISC ODM XML document may be converted to a SAS dataset or other SAS-accessible data source.
SAS CDISC implementation services In addition to providing CDISC support within our software, SAS consultants are ready to help your organization implement CDISC standards to drive efficiencies in your clinical development processes.

Glossary
AdaM: Analysis Dataset Model
CDISC: Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
CRT-DDS: Case Report Tabulation Data Definition Specification
LAB: Laboratory Data Model
ODM: Operational Data Model
SDS: Submission Data Standards
SDTM: Study Data Tabulation Model
XML: eXtensible Markup Language

to learn more about CDISC: http://www.lexjansen.com/pharmasug/2003/fdacompliance/fda055.pdf

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/08/learn-sas-online.html

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/09/sas-unix-commands.html

Here's a list and brief description of the available projects.
Everyone should do the first 4 projects.

Project 1 An introduction to the SAS operating environment.
Project 2 The basic SAS data step with input of data directly through the cards statement; use of labels, the sort procedure and print procedure; the means procedure.
Project 3 Reading data from ASCII files; computing new variables in the data step; the means procedure.
Project 4 Modifying existing SAS data sets using set; using loops in the data step; the ttest procedure.
Project 5 Column-wise input; analysis of categorical data using chi-square tests.
Project 6 Updating existing SAS data sets with new data.
Project 7 Basics of presentation quality graphics with proc gplot and proc g3d.
Project 8 Basic one factor analysis of variance using proc GLM.
Project 9 Advanced analysis of variance, custom hypothesis tests, and other features of proc GLM.
Project 10 Basic Box-Jenkins modeling of univariate time series analysis using proc arima (time domain).
Project 12
Some aspects of frequency domain analysis of time series using proc spectra.
Project 13
Discriminant analysis with proc discrim.
Project 14
Reading data from dBase and DIF files; using dBase and DIF files instead of actual SAS datasets.
Project 15
Using arrays, first and last, and processing dates. Repeated measures analysis.
source: http://javeeh.net/sasintro/intro134.html

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/09/sas-interview-q-proc-sql-and-sas-graph.html

http://sausag.sasusers.net/presentations/0611_Staying_Up-to-date_SAS9_SW_Doc.pdf


Efficient way to learn SAS with virtually no cost
http://www.prochelp.com/costfree.pdf

A different approach to learn SAS Software
http://analytics.ncsu.edu/sesug/2004/SY14-Mirjana.pdf

SAS study groups
comp.soft-sys.sas
http://www.listserv.uga.edu/archives/sas-l.html

For more SAS® software information, please visit the following websites:
Bay Area SAS Users Group
ComplementSoft
LA SAS User Group
ODS Sugi Papers
ProcHelp
San Diego SAS Users Group
SAS Consulting User Group
SAS Enterprise Guide User Group
SAS List Server
SAS Institute
SAS Technical Support
SAS User
Seven of Nine Systems
Western Users of SAS Software

SAS Tutorial at University of New Mexico:
http://its.unm.edu/introductions/Sas_tutorial/

SAS at MIT:
http://web.mit.edu/sas/www/

UCLA Academic Technology Services:
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/modules/default.htm

Introduction to Using SAS at Penn State:
http://gears.aset.psu.edu/hpc/education/tutorials/sas/

SAS Help at Penn State Population Research Institute:
http://help.pop.psu.edu/help-by-software-package/sas

SAS Errors at University of Idaho:
http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/statprog/sas/errors.htm

source:http://www.globalstatements.com/sas/u/u.html

http://www.sas.com/apps/elearning/elearning_courses.jsp?cat=Free%20Tutorials

http://spikeware.com/tutorials.html

http://gears.aset.psu.edu/hpc/education/tutorials/sas/sasstart/

Three of the best tools to learn SAS include:
* Training: Books by Users and SAS training manuals are abundant (see below)
* SAS-L: questions and answers to many common problems
* Mentors: study programs developed by experienced users

SAS Resources on the Internet
Internet sites with good examples or even short courses on SAS are easily
found. Go to a search engine (e.g., yahoo, google, altavista, etc.) and
search for SAS, statistics, or some other keyword related to the topic of
interest. The following URLs are only a small selection of what you may
find:

http://statsoft.nih.gov/training/crsnotes/html/FSPClass.htm

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/modules/

An online tutorial for learning SAS for Windows (version 8.2) can be found
at:
http://www.utexas.edu/cc/stat/tutorials/sas8/sas8.html

You can find answers to frequently asked questions at a SAS site:
http://support.sas.com/techsup/faq/products.html

The following site has comprehensive list of many websites about SAS:
http://www.prochelp.com

An on-line document that is continually updated with new information
called SAS PROGRAMMING AND USAGE HINTS consists of several chapters with
sub-sections on various topics of the SAS System are found at:
http://www.uoregon.edu/~robinh/sas.html

Proceedings in pdf format from the annual SAS User Group International
(SUGI) conferences (Nos. 22-29 held in the years 1997-2004) may be viewed
through your browser (requires Acrobat 5.0) are available at:
http://support.sas.com/usergroups/sugi/proceedings/index.html

Papers on specific topics presented at SUGI meetings can be researched at:
http://www.lexjansen.com/sugi/

This page allows you to type in keywords to search for relevant articles.
Several region SAS user groups have web sites for proceedings from past
conferences; for one try the NESUG (2004):
http://www.nesug.org/html/Proceedings/nesug04.pdf

SAS Manuals and Documentation
The following link from the SAS Institute to bookmark is:
http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/index.html

which directs you to SAS documentation on SAS 8.2, SAS 9.1, SAS 9.1.2, SAS
9.1.3, a host of "What's new in this version" notes, supplemental
documentation on SAS products installation documentation, and more.
Specifically, you can find documentation for Version 9.1.3 at two SAS web
sites.

Another site to add to your browser's "Favorites" is user-friendly in the
sense that it allows you to search the table of contents for specific
topics and then select links for further information.
http://support.sas.com/onlinedoc/913/docMainpage.jsp

The following site provides the actual contents of various SAS manuals in
PDF format which you can browse or print as needed.
http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/91pdf/index_913.html

You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader 6.0 or later to view or print these
documents. Please note, the entire contents of each manual are place in
one document -- some of them have 1000's of pages (e.g., the STAT manual
alone has over 5000!) so be judicious and print only the pages you need.
These manuals are also available for purchase.
The individual manuals (the "white" books for Version 6 and "blue" books
for version 8) took up most of the available space on a moderate size
bookcase shelf, plus they were heavy and laborious to find a topic of
interest. To alleviate the need to read through large books, SAS Version
8.2 documentation continues to be available to University of Oregon users
at:
http://sas.uoregon.edu/sashtml/main.htm

The SAS Institute also has documentation available online for Version 8
which can be found at:
http://v8doc.sas.com/sashtml/

You may add any of these pages to your "Favorites" in a web browser for
fast and easy reference. A master index is available on the University
site so you can locate just about any topic, procedure, or keyword
quickly.
A few of the most helpful manuals for all versions of SAS include:
Introductory Guide - Assumes you're a beginner, but that you have basic
knowledge about using a computer on which SAS runs (UNIX, VMS, or
WINDOWS).
* SAS Introductory Guide (Version 6)
Usage - Assumes you have at least introductory knowledge of SAS. It
contains many excellent examples and descriptions of techniques. Usage
manuals are difficult to use effectively until you gain familiarity with
the system.
* SAS Language Reference, Vols. 1 and 2 (Version 8)
* SAS Procedures Guide, Vols. 1 and 2 (Version 8)
* SAS Language and Procedures (Version 6)
Statistics and Econometrics. It assumes working knowledge of the DATA step
and of the statistical procedure to be applied to your data.
* SAS Stat User's Guide, Vols. 1, 2, and 3 (Version 8)
* ETS User's Guide, Second Ed. (Version 6)
Many more manuals on specialized topics are available from the SAS
Institute (also in the Computing Center's documents room) depending on
specific tools you need including:
* SAS System for Regression
* SAS System for Linear Models, 4th Ed. - Littel
* A Step-by-Step Approach to using Univariate and Multivariate
Statistics - Hutchinson
* Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd Ed, - Stokes, Davis, and Koch
* SAS System for Mixed Models, 2nd Ed. - Littel, Milliken, Stroup, Wolfinger
* SAS Guide to Problem Solving and Error Messages
The companion for the platform you're using (e.g. Windows, Unix, VMS) is
also quite helpful, as are the guides to SQL, Macro, REPORT, TABULATE, and
other products describing STAT or GRAPH procedures.

The home page for SAS publications is:
http://www.sas.com/apps/pubscat/welcome.jsp

From this site you can easily locate SAS manuals and books on many topics
written by users (Books By Users) with the search feature. "SAS Course
Notes" are good resources to know and are interspersed in the following
list (among others):

http://www.sas.com/apps/pubscat/booklist.jsp?attr=product&val=Base+SAS

Books: SAS Learning Resources
The following resources are good "getting started" guides and
introductions to SAS:

Lora D. Delviche and Susan J. Slaughter. "The Little SAS Book: A Primer".
(3rd edition). [Note: It has important new material related to version 9.1
and is an excellent introduction to get you up and running with SAS.]

Cody, R. P. and Smith, J. K., Applied Statistics and the SAS Programming
Language, Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1997.

Aster, Rick and Seidman, Rhena, Professional SAS Programming Secrets,
Windcrest, 1991. [Note: It is practically the only one treating SAS as a
general programming language.]

Frank C. DiIorio. "SAS Applications Programming: A Gentle Introduction"
SAS-L Newsgroup
The SAS-L newsgroup list is a great resource to share knowledge of SAS
applications with other users. To subscribe to SAS-L, send the following
message to the listserv at: LISTSERV@UGA.CC.UGA.EDU with the text of the
message:

Subscribe SAS-L
Be aware that you will probably receive 50-75 messages a day if you add
your address to their list so your INBOX is likely to fill up rapidly. You
can also read the messages posted each day from the news groups servers on
oregon, darkwing, or gladstone by adding: comp.soft-sys.sas

You can also check the SAS list archives and search for topics:
http://www.listserv.uga.edu/archives/sas-l.html

Other URLs for learning SAS
http://www.sas.com/techsup/intro.html [SAS technical support]

http://www.sconsig.com/ [Charles Patridge's SAS site]

http://www.pwcons.com/Tips/index.html [PW Consulting's SAS Tips]

http://www.yorku.ca/dept/psych/lab/sas/ [SAS Information Guides]

How to Reference SAS in Reports and other Documents
http://www.sas.com/presscenter/guidelines.html

The proper citations for SAS publications can be found on the copyright
page of the individual work.

source:http://www.uoregon.edu/~robinh/018learn.txt

SAS® Reporting 101: REPORT, TABULATE, ODS, and Microsoft Office
Here is a pdf with clear instructions and uses of both.

Battle of the Titans: REPORT vs TABULATE
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi27/p133-27.pdf

www.laurenhaworth.com/publications/Reporting101.PPT

http://www.laurenhaworth.com/publications/ODSforPRT.pdf


Difference between Proc Report and Proc tabulate:

Proc Tabulate is a possibility to report statistical relations between variables in up to three dimensions (rows, columns, pages). You don't have too many possibilities to influence single cells, rows, columns, pages and not too much on the layout. The things you influence are alsways related to whole dimensions. If you want to have something like calculated columns, e.g. one is the difference of the 3 left of it, not possible. If you want to do it anyway, it's getting difficult. The main goal is to present summarized data-values in cells.

Proc report mainly is a listing procedure. Very strong features to influence the layout, also with ordering and grouping. The simplest form of a REPORT output is not a table, but a list, where the results of statistics is presenten in SUMMARY lines while the other lines contain the details. In addition, you HAVE influence on singel cells, rows, columns. You CAN relate columns and have calculated columns of them which are left of the new one. Cou can have influence on all rows with a DATA-step like programming language and you can influence single cells with that. E.g. a "traffic-lighting" dependant on certain limits is possible.


Proc Tabulate:

http://ssc.utexas.edu/docs/sashelp/sugi/24/Begtutor/p62-24.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi27/p060-27.pdf
http://www.albany.edu/~msz03/epi514/papers/anyone.pdf
http://www.laurenhaworth.com/publications/ODSforPRT.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/113-31.pdf



Proc Report:

http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/052-31.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/116-31.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/235-31.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi30/244-30.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi29/088-29.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi29/242-29.pdf
http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi28/015-28.pdf

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/09/sas-interview-questionsmacros.html

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/08/sas-interview-questions-generalpart-2.html

http://studysas.blogspot.com/2008/09/sas-interview-questionsbase-sas.html